Advances in the role of helper T cells in autoimmune diseases
TH-1 Dominance
- Natural killer and cytotoxic T-cell activity
- Delayed-type hypersensitivity, intracellular pathogens defense
- IL-2, IL-12, TNF-alpha, Interferon-gamma
TH-2 Dominance
- B-cell activity
- IgE production, eosinophilic inflammation, and the protection for helminthic parasite infection.
- IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-25
TH-17 Dominance
- Respond to fungi and extracellular pathogens and autoimmune inflammatory disorders
- Require the combination of IL-6 and TGF-β and the transcription factors, RORC2/RORgt (mice) and STAT3 for differentiation
- IL-17, IL-21, IL-22, IL-17F, and CCL20
T-Regulatory
- Responsible for maintaining peripheral tolerance
- FOXP3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells produce TGF-β and IL-10, which regulate effector T cells
Compounds that stimulate TH-1
- Astragalus
- Echinacea
- Andrographis
- Sambucus nigra (black elderberry)
- Mushrooms (beta-glucan, maitake)
- Glycyrrhiza
- Melissa officinalis
Compounds that stimulate TH-2
- Caffeine
- Green tea extract
- Pycnogenol
- White willow bark
- Grape seed extract
- Resveratrol
- Lycopene
TH17 Dominance
Compounds that lower IL17
- Probiotics: L. salivarius , L. plantarum
- Curcumin
- Berberine
- EGCG
- Ursolic acid [79]
- Andrographolide [80]
- Black Cumin Seed Oil
- Olive leaf extract [81, 82]
- Fisetin [83] (inhibits IL-17)
- Chinese Skullcap/Baicalin [84, 85] (Number of Th17 and IL-17)
- NAG [86]
- Red Yeast Rice/statins [20] – synergizes with corticosteroids
- Grape Seed Extract [87, 88] (STAT3-)
- Boswellia [89]
- R-Lipoic Acid [90]
- Epimedium/Icariin [91]
- Apigenin [92]
- Honokiol
- CBD [94]
- Galantamine [95, 96, 97]
- Huperzine A [95]
- Butyrate [98] – but increases it in response to an infection [99]
- Cinnamon/NaB [100] (increases IL-17)
- Artemisinin [101]
- Beta-Caryophyllene [102]
- Resveratrol* [103, 104] (conflicting)
- Probiotics: Enterococcus faecalis [105], (Mice)
- Parthenolide [106] – IL-17A [107]
- Ancient Wheat [82]
- Licorice/Lico A [108] (uncertain) [109]
- Ginger extract [110]